Tellurian



Dec. 22,. 1942.

W. PARK 2,305,894

TELLURIAN Filed oct. 28, 1940 s sheets-sheet `1 W. PARK TELLURIAN Dec.22, 1942.2.

Filed Oct. 28, 1940 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Dec. 22', 1942.

w. PARK 2,305,894 TELLURlAN Filed Oct. 28, 1940 f 3 Sheets-Sheetr11/enfer. VVX//l'dm Park.

Patented Dec. 22, 1942 TELLURIAN William Parkr Toronto, Ontario, Canada,assignor to Rudolf Dunbar, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Application October28, 1940, Serial No. 363,177

8 Claims.`

This invention relates to devices particularly adapted for demonstratingthe relative movements of the sun, earth and moon, and' particularly toshow the relationship between the earth and the sun at certain periodsof the year, and the principal objects of the present invention are toprovide a means for clearly illustrating the co-relation between themovements of the earth and sun and the resultant general cir-culation ofair over the earths surface and the effects of such on various portionsof the earths surface.

A further object is to provide means for illustrating visually theposition ofV the sun in relation to different portions of the earthssurface at different periods of the year.

The principal features of the invention consist in the novelconstruction and arrangement ofi an arc-shaped guidemember to loemounted supercialIy in relation to the periphery of a globe and uponwhich is slidably mounted an indicatork which illustrates the relativityof the air currents created by the shiftinguheat equator.`

A further important feature consists in the novelv arrangement of`reflective hemispheres` attached to the earths surface at selectedpoints.v

to indicate the relatively visible positionA of the Sun'.

In the accompanying drawings Figure 1` is a side elevational'vi'ew of anapparatus-constructed in accordance with this invention showing theVwind indicating device mounted in relationlto' the globe.

Figure 2 is an. enlarged elevationalV view of they server at the northand indicating the relativeA positions of the equator and tropics andshowing the relation of the trade winds thereto.

Figure 4 is an enlarged planview of the wind,y

indicator.

Figure 5 is an enlargedV side elevational View of the wind indicator.

Figure 6. is a cross-section on the line Ii---IofV Figure 5.

Figure 7 is anv elevational view ofthe globe asillustrated in Figure 2showing the arrangement of hemispherical; reectors placed on variouspoints of the earths surface to indicate the posi-- tion'vof the-sunasviewedfrcm those positions.

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Figure 8 is a view similar to Figure 7 with the globes axis tilted' awayfrom the observer.

Figure 9 is an enlarged sectional detail of one ofthe hemisphericalreflectors.

Tellurian devices for the purpose of illustrating the relative positionsof the sun, earth. and moon at different periods ofthe year and whichare movedV by means of co-ordinatedv gear mechanisms and locatingdevices arey known, and while such devices assisted very materially inthe realistic understanding of geography, particularly in relation tothe-sun and the relative rotation of the earth upon its axis and of theearth about the sun in its movement in the solar system, it has beenfound desirable to apply more definite illustrative media to indicatethe peculiar phenomena resulting from the varying positions of' thevertical rays of the sun in relation to the earths surface.

In the operation of the tellurian an illuminated globe I representingthe sun is mounted upon a standard 2 supported by a base 3. Rotatablymounted onV the standard 2' above the base isa horizontal tubularsupport 4 through which a shaft 5 extends and which is operated by acrank 6. This crank shaft is connected withsuitable gearing whichrotates the tube 4 about the axis of the standard supporting the sun. Atthe outer. end of the tube 4 is arranged a vertical structure 'I on thetop of which is mounted in an angular position the axial shaft 8 whichsupports the earth globe 9. The axial shaft is. connected by suitablegearing with the shaft 5 vto rotate the earth about the angularlypositioned axis 8 at aspeed proportional to the speed of rotation of thetube 4 carrying, the earth globebodily about ther suns axis. This gearmechanism and the actual structure ofthe relative sun and earth supportIt will be seen on reference to Figurel 1 that.-

With the axis of the earth inclined in the direction indicated, theverticalrays of the sun. strike the earths 'surface substantially at theTropic of Cancer indicated by the dotted line I I, and itY will bereadily appreciated that when theposition of angularity ofthe earthsaxis 8 is moved into the directly opposite position to that shown, thevertical rays of the sun will strike the earths surface at thedQttedline I2 indicating the Tropic of Capricorn.

It will also be understood that in the transition of the seasons and thetravel of the vertical rays of the sun from the northly limit of theTropic of Cancer to thesoutherly limit of the^Tropic ofof theconcentrated" vertical suns rays on a certain belt of the earths usurface is to highly heat the face, with the result that a is caused torise from this air above that survast column of air heat equator whichmoves north and south of the actual equatorialY line. This vast movementdirectly upward of heated air causes an inflow of air fromouterpositions. y

In order to indicate this air flow in relation to the heat equatorI haveprovided an arc-shaped bar I3 which is provided with a hubv member I4adapted to encircle the bearing supporting the earths axis member 8.This arc-shaped bar isv spaced a short distance from the surface of theearth globe 9 and extends up over the upper end of the axis or over theNorth Pole.

A pair of narrow bars I5, curved to correspond to the curvature of thebar I3', are arranged either side thereof and these are connectedtogether at the ends by double crossbars I6, as illustrated particularlyin Figure 6, thus forming a sliding guide member mounted on the bar I3.

Intermediate of the length of the bars I5 there is lsecured thereto abroad crossbar I1, which is intended to represent the zone of the heatequa# tor, and a small friction bow spring I8, which comprises a springfriction member, holds the slidable member in adjusted positions on thebar I3.

Mounted upon the ing over the bar I3 at the upper side of the heatequator I 'I is a pair Yof arrows IS. These are set in a substantiallyparallel position pointing inward toward the heat equator. vA similarpair of arrows are arranged at the vother side point inwardly of theheat equator and also toward the heat equator. tend beyond either sideof the and are intended to represent relative position of the tradewinds in respect to the heat equator and they move in unison with themember slidably mounted on the bar I3.

A pair of narrow arched strips 2I extend from the heat equator cross barI'I to the end cross bars I6 above'the bar I3 and upon these are mounteda plurality of small arrows 22 'and these indicate the movement of airaway from thev chimney area of the heat equator, as will be hereinaftermore fully described.

Other indicator members slide upon the bar I3 to carry indexes ofWeather. or moisture conditions of the atmosphere into positions beyondthe end bars I6 of the member slidably mounted on the bar I3. These arepref- These arrows exindicator memb-er the direction and elabiy in theform of discs 23 held in their rela;

tive positions by means of bow springs 2 4, and mounted on the back ofthese discs and extending transversely of the bar I3 are arrows ,25,`

the purpose of which will be alsohe'reinafterX described.

In the illustration shown in Figure l 'a plurality of hemisphericalreflector members` 26, 21, 28 and paired bars I5 and extend-rv may bearranged to l accordance with the the ocean areas 29 are arrangedrespectively in position on the Tropic of Cancer, the Tropic ofCapricorn, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle, and theserefectors reflect a small image of the sun globe and they indicate theposition of the sun globe as the sun will be seen vertically from thedifferent tropics 'and arctic circles as the earth revolves on its axisand about the sun. These reflector members are shown arranged upon thefirst meridian but they may be placed in any desirable representativeposition on the surface of the globe. Figures 7 and 8 particularlyillustrate the relative positions of the reflective im- Iages-of the sunglobe, in Figure 7, as in Figure l,

when the Tropic of Cancer is receiving the vertical rays of the sun atmidsummer as represented by the member 26 and in Figure 8 the verticalrays of the sun are being directed to the Tropic of Capricorn asrepresented by the member'2'l.. L

It will be noted on reference to these figures that in Figure 7 thedotted line of the Tropic of, Cancer appears to the observer to, passthrough the centre ofthe circle of the globe, whileinl Figure 8 theTropic of Capricorn appears to the observer to pass through the centreof the globe;`

The relationship of the vertical raysofthe sun and the area bounded byor bordering on the tropics is the most important phaseof the wholejworlds life, which, due to the angularity of the' axis of the earth inrelation to the orbit of theA earth around the sun, shifts the verticalrays from tropic-to-tropic and it will be apparentthat .Y due to thiscondition the vertical Yrays of the sun,A cross the equator I3 at twoperiods during the' year, thereby directing heat rays to an equatorialbelt twice a year which are very intensive.

The result of this phenomenon is ,that from this intensively heated beltof the earths surface,V or what we have termed the heat equatorvthereis,Y

dicatedby the arrows 25 extendingnorth and` south from the heat equatorrepresentation, I1,

This intensive upward iiow of a chimneyfof'`r air from the heat equatorcauses an infow' of air which has become known as the trade winds` andthe locale of these trade, winds shifts in:A shifting of rthe heatequator.

It will be appreciated that the concentrated' suns rays at the heatequator vhas theeffect of evaporating extensive quantities ofwater over,and the water-laden air upon] rising and coming into contact with thecooler outer atmosphere is precipitated so that theres.,r an excessiverainfall in the tropical areas. This is represented by the line-shadedportions ,of`- the,L

varched strips 2| and 22 4extending from the heat equator I1. Thesearched strips terminating at, the cross bars I6 and curving downwardtheretoj indicate that the air rising from the heat equa-'5 tor andheavily laden with water is 'freed from its water by precipitation inthe zones adjacent to the' heat equator, and then moving northward andsouthward these upper strata of airbecomedrier? and cooler andeventually come down close to the earths surface, thus giving us the drycool, climatesin the north and south temperate zones.

The individual indicator discs 23, slidabl'y mounted on thebar I3', arehere shown contain-s ing. pictures representing theprevailing atmo's-.

4pheric conditiongin thetemperate zones.' These;v

will shift, not only directly' in accordance with-the shifting of theheat equator and therefore the' shifting of the trade winds, but theymay be shifted in respect to the heat equator in accordance with whetherthey be over land or over the seat at any given time. Thus for examplewhen over the Atlantic Ocean a certain representative position may bechosen for the discs 23 whereas when overlying, for example the NorthAmerican Continent, a different representative position may be chosen inkeeping with `well established statistics. Other discs of a similarnature are arranged to the north and south of the inner discs and thesewill advantageously contain pictures representing the clouds andatmosphere forma-- tions in the Arctic region which is represented bycloud eiects characteristic of certain conditions encountered in thesezones.

The disc members 23 are provided with arrows 25 which, as illustrated inFigure 4, point in an oppositional direction to the arrows I9 and 20 andshow the predominant wind directions in the regions north and south ofthe temperate zones due to the evacuation of air from areas that precedethe trade winds.

An instrument constructed as herein described enables the teaching ofgeography in such a manner that the student can readily assimilatecertain known facts in respect to climate and the resultant effects onthe habits, customs and industries of various peoples inhabiting thevarious Zones of the earths surface. For instance, with the earths axisinclined, as illustrated in Figures l, 2 and 7, the image of the sunreflected on the hemispherical reflector 26 mounted over the Tropic ofCancer, on the twenty-first of June appears to the observer to directlyoverlie the Tropic of Cancer thereby representing the sun as practicallydirectly overhead. The arrows I9 indicate the direction of the tradewinds, which, crossing a vast expanse of ocean, subjected to theintensive vertical rays of the sun, become heavily laden with moistureand these, striking across the Continent of South America, carry withthem intensive rains which are finally precipitated by contact with thevery high mountain range of the Andes, thereby producing the vast AmazonRiver, with all its tributaries, in an intensely tropical area.

These winds after passing over the Andes are still warm but dry andproduce a climate along the Chilean coast of South America very similarto the climatic conditions of the Mediterranean countries. Conversely,when the earth and sun are in the relative positions, as illustrated inFigures 3 and 8, the south trade winds crossing the f vast area of theSouth Atlantic and South Pacific carry heat and moisture to SouthAmerica and Africa, while the northerly trade winds carry coolertemperatures to the northerly parts of these continents.

Students by the use of this device can be made to readily understand howcertain classes of vegetation thrive in certain areas of the earth,which are separated by vast distances but owe their similarities to theconditions of winds which are effected by the position of the suns raysin relation to the earth equator.

It must be understood of course in respect to the present invention thatit is used in conjunction with an apparatus which has been known andwhich, by the turning of the crank 6, rotates the earth upon its axisand coincidentally, swings the earth in its orbit around the sun in itsexact relationship through the period of one year, and by the reflectionof the rays of the sun will be seen to have a definite relationship withthe alternately advancing and receding of portions of the earths surfacefrom the snow line, and it will be readily shown how the seasons changefrom lsummer to winter and winter to summer and how days are alternatelylengthened and shortened.

The additional feature which has been added by the present invention ofa definite active means to illustrate the movement of air currents overthe various portions ofthe globe brings about an extremely desirableresult in the use of the device as a practical means for demonstratingthese natural phenomena.

`A Very clear explanative basis of the heat equator, the tradewindbelts, the high pressure belts, the west wind belts, the polar' caps,the Mediterranean climates, oceanic climates, continental climate,monsoon climate, monsoon winds and the changes of the monsoon is thusaorded by the shifting of the slidable Wind indicator in accordance withthe position of the earth in its relation to the sun.

What I claim as my invention is:

1. The combination with the earth globe mounted to be rotated around therepresentation of theA sun and to be rotated on its axis, of means forindicating the movement of air curr-ents responsive to the variousrelative positions of the earth and sun, including a band curved aboutthe globe from north to south, and air current indicating arrows mountedin transverse convergent angular positions on said band for adjustmentlongitudinally thereof.

2. The combination with the earth globe mounted to be rotated around therepresentation of the sun and to be rotated on its axis, of reflectormeans detachably mounted on the earth globe for indicating the relativeangularity of the suns rays in respect to the earths surface.

3. The combination with the earth globe mounted to be rotated around therepresentation of the sun and to be rotated on its axis, of a barmounted on the support of the earth globe and curved to conform with thecurvature of the earth globe from north to south, a member slidablymounted on said curved bar having means arranged medially of its lengthto represent an intensive heat zone of the earths surface, two series ofsmall arrows extending from said zone indicator respectively north andsouth in arched paths to indicate directionally the upward and outwardflows of air from the equator, converging sets of larger arrows mountedon the slidable member in transverse angular relation to indicate thedirectional flows of the trade winds, and means for simultaneouslyadjusting all of said arrows longitudinally on said `curved bar.

4. The combination with the earth globe mounted to be rotated around therepresentation of the sun and to be rotated on its axis, of a barmounted on the support of the earth globe curved to extend in anorth-south direction adjacent to the earths surface, a memberlongitudinally slidable on said bar the extremities of which representthe location of the temperate zones on the earths surface, a membertransversely mounted on said slidable member midway of its length andrepresenting an intensive heat zone or heat equator, a pair of barsextending from the heat equator representation to the ends of theslidable member and representing the upward and outward paths of travelof the heated air rising from the heat equator, said curved bars beingmarked to indicate the lintensive wet Zones of the tropics due to theheavy condensation of moisture lifted from oceanic areas of theearthssurface, and arrows rigidly mounted on said sildable member andangularly crossing same pointing inwardly toward the heat equator andindicating the direction of the trade Winds, the whole being shiftableon the curved bar to indicate the different positions of these Winds inresponse to the alteration of the angularity of the earths axis atcertain periods of the year.

5. A device as claimed in claim 4 having indicator devices separate fromthe central slida-ble member mounted on said curved bar adapted to beadjusted on said bar relative to the adjustment of the central member toindicate Zones of climatic conditions of the earths surface.

6. In a device as claimed in claim 4, a plurality of disc membersslidably mounted on said curved bar and spring-held in adjustedpositions and bearing pictorial or other indications of weatherconditions as an indication of Weather conditions in certain zones onthe earths surface at certain periods of the year.

7. The combination ofthe earth globe mounted to be rotated around therepresentation of the sun and to be rotated on its axis, a guide membercurved to correspond to the curvature of the earths surface, and meansslidably mounted on said guide member adapted to be moved over theearths surface north and south to indicate relative to the position ofthe sun the relative movement of wind currents over the surface of theearth.

8. The combination of the earth globe mounted to be rotated around therepresentation ofthe sun and to be rotated on its axis, hemisphericalreector means mounted on the surface of the earth globe in alignmentfrom north to south respectively at the 'Iropic of Cancer, the Tropic ofCapricorn, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle to reflect theimage of the sun globe and to indicate the relative position of the sunto the earth at diierent periods of the year.

WILLIAM PARK.

